From a performance standpoint, citrulline malate has long been a staple of pre-workout science and supplementation.

We chose citrulline malate over L-arginine due to its better absorption tendencies, higher plasma arginine levels, and because its been found to:

• Improve strength, aerobic performance, and muscle endurance
• Be at least twice as effective as L-arginine supplementation at raising nitric oxide
• Participate in the Krebs Cycle and enhance creatine re-activation between sets (malate in citrulline malate) [4]
• Enhance the use of branch chain amino acids like leucine during exercise [5]*

PreSeries LEAN contains 6,000 mg (6 grams) of citrulline malate per serving.

Recently, clinical studies have shown that supplementing with betaine can trigger a significant muscle growth response. This response is independent of testosterone and is significantly advantageous alongside typical supplementation protocols.

Betaine supplementation has also been shown to:

• Reduce fatigue when taken before and during weight training [34, 35].
• Enhance phosphocreatine replenishment between sets when creatine is taken daily [36]*.
• Increases total repetitions and volume on the bench press exercise versus placebo [37].
• In a recent study, betaine was found to significantly increase IGF-1, while decreasing cortisol in bodybuilding men [38].

PreSeries LEAN contains 2,500 mg of betaine anhydrous per serving.

*(PreSeries LEAN does not contain any form of creatine, as caffeine negates its absorption when taken in synchrony)

The “2:1:1” refers to the ratio of leucine, isoleucine, and valine (in that order). So, for every 1,000 mg of leucine, there are 500 mg of isoleucine and 500 mg valine.

LEUCINE

Leucine is the first branched-chain amino acid and is considered to be the most anabolic amino acid and is known for its strong activation of mTOR, the gene responsible for protein synthesis.

• Leucine has been found to significantly increase strength during workouts [26].
• Metabolites of leucine have been found to prevent muscle degradation and preserve lean mass [27].

PreSeries BULK contains 1,000 mg (2 grams) of leucine per serving.

ISOLEUCINE

Isoleucine is one of the three branched-chain amino acids, which aids metabolism during workout, promotes muscle growth, and executes anti-catabolism effects .

PreSeries BULK contains 500 mg (1/2 gram) of isoleucine per serving.

VALINE

Valine, the third branched-chain amino acid, is essential in pre-workout supplementation due to its involvement in metabolism and muscle growth. It also helps to reduce tryptophan build up in the brain during workouts. This allows for greater energy and endurance while working out.

PreSeries BULK contains 500 mg (1/2 gram) of valine per serving.

Supplementing with beta-alanine has been proven to increase cellular carnosine levels, which are quickly depleted during intense workouts and physical exertion.

A growing majority of pre-workout supplements contain beta-alanine, but at significantly underdosed levels.

Supplementing with proper dosing, as found in PreSeries LEAN, is shown to:

• Delay the onset of neuromuscular fatigue in men and women during intense exercise [30]
• Provide a tingling sensation, which can be more aggressive (depending on tolerance), which is is normal and safe [33]
• Reduce and combat the formation of altered proteins and promote the formation of healthy proteins [31]
• Significantly increase lean mass and decrease fat in wrestlers [32]

PreSeries LEAN contains 1.500 mg (1.5 grams) of beta-alanine per serving.

N-acetyl L-tyrosine is the acetylated version of the amino acid L-tyrosine. The acetylation improves the absorption and effective period of L-tyrosine, as well as optimizes the effectiveness of the energy and focus ingredients in PreSeries LEAN.

• L-tyrosine reduces the effects of stress and allows for greater mental focus and endurance [22].
• L-tyrosine improves memory and performance in bodily stressing climates, such as the cold [23].
• Believed to counteract the hypothyroid promoting conditions associated with extensive exercise.

PreSeries LEAN contains 600 mg of N-acetyl L-tyrosine per serving.

Choline supplementation aids in regular intense training by maintaining acetylcholine levels for neural signaling, as well as participating in the BMHT pathway to covert homocysteine to methionine during prolonged sessions [41].

PreSeries BULK contains 500 mg of Choline Bitartrate per serving.

L-theanine is an amino acid used by the body. When combined with caffeine, L-theanine demonstrates many benefits for athletes, like:

• Increases reaction time, attention, and memory.
• Reduces jitters in caffeine sensitive individuals
• Reduces stress and causes relaxation without affecting attention and energy [18].

PreSeries BULK contains 360 mg of L-Theanine per serving.

Caffeine, along with many of the complimenting stimulants and focus-enhancing ingredients in PreSeries LEAN are clinically proven to reduce the sensation of effort. Approximately 180 mg of caffeine has been found and confirmed to significantly increase repetitions to failure and readiness to invest effort in athletes [7, 8].

Moderate doses of caffeine have also been found to not negatively interfere with natural thermoregulation like higher (300 mg+) caffeine-infused pre workouts do [9].

Mucuna Pruriens has been found to bring both psychological and physical benefits to athletes. Psychologically, Mucuna Pruriens counteracts stress and provides a clean “peace-of-mind” feeling. Physically, Mucuna Pruriens decreases cortisol, and promotes healthy testosterone levels in deficient men. [24, 25].

PreSeries LEAN contains 70 mg of Mucuna Pruriens (98% L-Dopa) per serving.

L-Norvaline directly reduces arginase activity in the body, which “up regulates” nitric oxide synthase’s (NOS) ability to produce Nitric Oxide from arginine [6].

Once in the body, citrulline malate is converted to arginine, which is then protected from in vivo arginase by L-norvaline, providing a stronger and longer NOS response.

PreSeries LEAN contains 60 mg of L-norvaline per serving.

Supplementation with synephrine has been found to raise resting metabolic rate by 65 kcal [11]. This is the result of increased lipolysis (fat burning) and produces stimulatory effects that increase energy, athletic activity, motivation, and cognitive function [12] [13].

PreSeries BULK contains 50 mg of Synephrine HCl per serving.

Hordenine is found naturally in select plants and fruits. Supplementing with hordenine, alongside synephrine, has been found to increase energy and metabolism.

Hordenine is similar in structure to ephedra, but unlike other adrenergic aminos, hordenine is metabolized primarily by monoamine oxidase B (MAOB, as opposed to MAOA); which avoids hypertensive events [10].

PreSeries LEAN contains 25 mg of Hordenine per serving.

Bioperine is an extract obtained from the black pepper fruit. In its patented form, BioPerine has been clinically tested (in the United States) to significantly enhance the bioavailability of various supplement nutrients through increased absorption.

PreSeries LEAN contains 5 mg of BioPerine per serving.

 Chromium supplementation has been attributed to weight loss through blood sugar regulation and food craving suppression [42].

PreSeries LEAN contains 200 mcg of Chromium (as Chromium Picolinate) per serving.